Most orchid diseases are caused by either fungi or bacteria. Identifying which disease is affecting your orchid plants is critical if you are wanting to give the plant the correct treatment. Before we discuss the fungal and bacteria diseases, we ought to first take a look at other, non-disease, factors that maybe affecting the plant. If the leaves are streaked either brown or black, or become mottled, then this could be a sign of a virus infection. There is no cure for orchid viruses, so they best thing you can do is remove the infected plant away from other healthy plants and see if it recovers in isolation. Probably the most common sign of an unhealthy plant is yellow leaves. More than likely these are just old leaves dying back, or the plant is being fed too little nitrogen. Other causes of leaf yellowing are too much light, loss of roots or the temperature of the room is too low. If the pseudobulbs are starting to shrivel, this could be sign that the plant is not getting enough water.
Fungal infections usually manifest themselves as small brown spots that eventually turn black. Yellow spots, with a black edge, are another sign of a fungal infection. The main causes of fungal disease in orchids are poor air circulation and a too high humidity.
Fungi infections in orchids can be treated with any plant fungicide sold at your local garden store. Another well-used treatment, also available at garden stores, is Bordeaux mixture – a combination of water, hydrated lime and copper sulfate.
If your plant has brown/black smudges on the leaf edges, this is a sure sign of bacterial blight. Providing the infection is not too advanced, treat the plant with Physan. If the orchid’s leaves are turning black and wilting, then the best you can do is immediately remove it from other plants and remove all infected areas. Repot the remaining healthy plant into a new pot with new potting mix.